Note: The following have all had influences. Some are subtle and some are more direct. These are all referenced for consideration and for better understanding of this important area. The major influences are directly referenced in the text. Integration of two or more references may be required for understanding the referenced areas.
Older, married, female students were more likely to be service-oriented. Training in service orientation most effective on those who are already service oriented. Youngest students less likely. DETERMINANTS OF SERVICE ORIENTATION AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS O'Connor SJ http://www.sba.muohio.edu/management/mwAcademy/2000/38c.pdf
Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Data Warehouse www.aamc.org
AAMC GQ
AAMC Minorities in Medicine
Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance. (2001). Access denied: Restoring the nation’s commitment to equal educational opportunity. Washington, DC: Author.
Albanese, M. A., Snow, M. H., Skochelak, S. E., Huggett, K. N.,&Farrell, P. M. (2003). Assessing personal qualities in medical school admissions. Academic Medicine, 78(1), 313-321.
Albanese, MA 2004 CGEA Meeting Presentation regarding scores and diversity
Baicker K and Chandra A Medicare Spending, The Physician Workforce, And Beneficiaries’ Quality Of Care, Health Affairs, 10.1377/hlthaff.w4.184 http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/abstract/hlthaff.w4.184v1
Basco, W.T., Jr., Gilbert, G.E., & Blue, A.V.(2002). Determining the Consequences for Rural Applicants When Additional Consideration is Discontinued. Academic Medicine, 77, S20-S22. http://www.aamc.org/students/mcat/research/bibliography/basco002.htm
Bland CJ, Meurer LN, Maldonado G. Determinants of primary care specialty choice: a non-statistical meta-analysis of the literature.Acad Med . 1995;70:620 -41.
Boulger, JG. (1991). Family medicine education and rural health: A response to present and future needs. The Journal of Rural Health, 7(2), 105-115.
Bowman RC Before Admissions: Physician Career Predictions http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/before_admissions.htm
Bowman RC Birth Origins, Ethnicity, and FP Graduates http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/birth_origins_ethnicity_FP.htm
Bowman RC Career Predictors: MCAT sensitive or not http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/career_predictors.htm
Bowman RC Ethnicity Gender and Rural Practice Choice
http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/ethnicity_gender_and_rural_pract.htm
Bowman FP Graduate Studies - Details on coding and variables http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/bowman_fp_grad_2004.htm
Bowman RC MCAT Correlations http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/mcat_correlations.htm
Bowman RC Medicine Education and Social Status, graphics on income, ethnicity, family medicine choice http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/medicine_education_social_status.htm
Bowman RC Patterns of Rural Workforce http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/patterns_of_rural_workforce.htm
Bowman RC Probability of Admission Tables http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/probability_of_admission_tables.htm
Bowman RC Ranking Medical Schools and Residency Programs for Rural http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/ranking_rural.htm
Bowman, RC, & Crouse, BJ. (2003). Community-driven Medical Education: The Rural Component. The Journal of Rural Health, 2003 19(3), 214-217.
Bowman, RC, & Penrod, JD. (1998). Family practice residency programs and the graduation of rural family physicians. Family Medicine, 30(4), 288-292.
Brooks,RG; Walsh,M; Mardon,RE; Lewis,M and Clawson,A. “The Roles of Nature and Nurture in the Recruitment and Retention of Primary Care Physicians in Rural Areas: A Review of the Literature,” Acad. Med., August 1, 2002; 77(8):790-8.Butler WT Academic Medicine’s Season of Accountability and Social Responsibility Academic Medicine 67(1992) 68-73 Chair's address 1991
Butler WT Academic Medicine’s Season of Accountability and Social Responsibility Chairmans Address, AAMC Academic Medicine 67(1992) 68-73
Callahan, C., Erdmann, J. B., Hojat, M., Veloski, J. J., Rattner, S., Nasca, T. J., et al. (2000). Validity of faculty ratings of students’ clinical competence in core clerkships in relation to scores on licensing examinations and supervisors’ rating in residency. Academic Medicine, 75, S71-S73.
Clawson DK. The Education of the Physician. Academic Medicine 65(1990):84-88.
Cohen JJ Our compact with tomorrow's doctors, Academic Medicine, 2002; 77:475-480
Colloton JW. Academic Medicine’s Changing Covenant with Society Acad. Med. 64(1989): 55–60.
Colquitt,W. L., Zeh, M. C., Killian, C. D.,&Cultice, J. M. (1996). Effect of debt on U.S. medical school graduates’ preferences for family medicine, general internal medicine, and general pediatrics. Academic Medicine, 71(4), 399-411.
Cooter R, Erdmann JB, Gonnella JS, Callahan CA, Hojat M, Xu G, Evaluation & the Health Professions, Economic Diversity In Medical Education / September 2004 http://ehp.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/27/3/252
Cooter, R., Bross, T. M., & Erdmann, J. B. (1998). Factors influencing students’ borrowing that may affect their specialty choices and other after-graduation behaviors. Academic Medicine, 73(1), 71-76.
Council on Graduate Medical Education TR. Physician Distribution and Health Care Challenges in Rural and Inner-City Areas. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration; 1998:1-74.
Coutts-van Dijk LC, Bray JH, Moore S, Rogers J. Prospective study of how students' humanism and psychosocial beliefs relate to specialty matching. Acad Med.1997; 72:1106 -8.
Crowley AE and Etzel SI. Graduate Medical Education in the United States. JAMA 256(1986):1585-1594.
Crowley AE. Graduate Medical Education in the United States. JAMA 248(1982):3271-3275.
Ebert RH. Has the Acute General Hospital Become and Inappropriate Environment for the Education of the Primary Care Physician? J. Lab. Clin. Med. 117(1991):438-442.
Fryer GE, Dovey SM, Green LA. The effect of accredited rural training tracks. Am Fam Physician, July 1, 2000; 62:22. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000701/policy.html
Fryer GE, Stine C, Krugman RD, Miyoshi TJ. Geographic benefit from decentralized medical education: student and preceptor practice patterns. Journal of Rural Health 1994:10:193-198.
Fryer, GE, Stine, C, Vojir, C, & Miller, M. (1997). Predictors and profiles of rural versus urban family practice. Family Medicine, 29(2), 115-118.
Funkenstein DH Medical Students, Medical Schools and Society During Five Eras: Factors Affecting the Career Choices of Physicians 1958-1976. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1978.
Greenhalgh T, Seyan K, Boynton P "Not a university type": focus group study of social class, ethnic, and sex differences in school pupils' perceptions about medical school BMJ 2004;328:1541 (26 June), http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/328/7455/1541
Hanushek EA, Kain JF, Rivkin SG New Evidence about Brown v. Board of Education: The Complex Effects of School Racial Composition on Achievement
http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/pubs/dp128404.pdf
Hart Gary WWAMI Rural-Urban Commuting Areas (For Residential & Commercial/Geographic Zip Codes: Version 1.1)http://www.fammed.washington.edu/wwamirhrc/rucas/descript.html
Hart Gary Use of RUCA codes Categorization A http://www.fammed.washington.edu/wwamirhrc/rucas/00F02640-005B90E7.-1/use_healthcare.html
Harth, S. C., Biggs, J. S. G., & Thong, Y. H. (1990). Mature-age entrants to medical school: A controlled of sociodemographic characteristics, career choice, and job satisfaction. Medical Education, 24, 488-498.
Head, R.E., and D.L. Harris. "Characteristics of Medical School Applicants: Implications for Rural Health Care." Family Medicine. 21(3):187-190, May-June 1989.
Hippocrates .On Airs, Waters, and Places In The Genuine Works of Hippocrates, Frances Adams, ed. Vol.I. New York: William Wood & Company, 1849, p. 156. From Butler
Hojat, M., Borenstein, B. D.,&Veloski, J. J. (1988). Cognitive and non-cognitive factors in predicting the clinical performance of medical school graduates. Journal of Medical Education, 63, 323-325.
Hojat, M., Gonnella, J. S., Veloski, J. J., & Erdmann, J. B. (1996). Jefferson Medical College Longitudinal Study: A prototype for evaluation of changes. Education for Health, 9, 99-113.
Hojat, M.,Veloski, J. J.,&Borenstein, B. D. (1986). Components of clinical competence ratings of physicians: An empirical approach. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 46, 761-769.
Huckle, P., & McGuffin, P. (1991). Familial factors in going to medical school. Medical Education, 25(1), 13-15.
Janeway R. Medical Education and Societal Expectations: Conflicts at the Clinical Interface. J. Med. Educ. 61(1986): 104-111.
Kassebaum DG, Szenas PL (1993). Rural sources of medical students and graduates choice of rural practice. Academic Medicine 68;3:232-6.
Kassebaum, DG, Szenas, PL, & Schuchert, MK. (1996). Determinants of the generalist career intentions of 1995 graduating medical students. Academic Medicine, 71(2), 198-209.
Kassler WJ Wartman SA Sillman RA.Why students choose primary careers Academic Medicine 66(1991):41-43
Kreiter, C. D., Stansfield, B., James, P. A., & Solow, C. (2003). A model for diversity in admissions: a reviewof issues and methods and an experimental approach. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 15(2), 116-122.
Lieu TA, Schroeder SA, and Altman DF, Specialty Choices at One Medical School: Recent Trends and Analysis, Predictive Factors. Acad. Med. 64(1989):622-629.
Madison DL, Combs CD (1981) Location Patterns of Recent Physician Settlers in Rural America" Journal of Community Health 6:4 267-274 Summer 1981
Madison, Donald L Medical School Admission and Generalist Physicians A Study of the Class of 1985, Academic Medicine Vol 69 Number 10 October 1994 p 825 - 831
Martini JM, Veloski JJ, Barzansky B. Medical school and student characteristics that influence choosing a generalist career.JAMA . 1994;272:661 -8 Lower mcat
McGaghie WC Assessing Readiness for Medical Education Evolution of the MCAT JAMA September 4, 2002 Vol 288 No 9
McGaghie, W. C. (1990). Qualitative variables in medical school admission. Academic Medicine, 65, 145-149.
Medical Marketing Service I. AMA Physician MasterFile: Medical Marketing Service, Inc; 2000 and 2004, access to 2004 data via Robert Graham Center for collaborative work
Mellinkoff SM On the Imbalance between Medical Specialists and Generalists. Pharos 54 (1991):30.
Mitchell, K. J. (1990).Traditional predictors of performance in medical school. Academic Medicine, 65, 149-158.
Montague,W., & Odds, F. C. (1990). Academic selection criteria and subsequent performance. Medical Education, 24, 151-157.
Newhouse JP, Williams AP, Bennett BW, Schwartz WB Where have all the doctors gone? JAMA Vol 247 No 17 May 7, 1982 http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/247/17/2392 Nowacek, G., & Sachs, L. (1990). Demographic variables in medical school admission. Academic Medicine, 65, 140-144.
Petersdorf RG. Three Easy Pieces. Acad. Med. 65(1990):73-77.
Peterson BR Admissions & Recruitment Policies of Underrepresented
Student Populations at Texas A&M University: A Bourdieudian Analysis
Politzer RM, Harris DL Gaston MH and Mullan F. Primary Care Physician Supply and the Medically Underserved. JAMA 266(1991):104-109.
Rabinowitz HK The Role of the Medical School in Rural Graduate Medical Education: Pipeline or Control Valve? The Journal of Rural Health Volume 16, No.3, Summer 2000
Rabinowitz HK, Diamond JJ, Markham FW, Paynter NP, Critical factors for designing programs to increase the supply and retention of rural primary care physicians, JAMA 2001; 286: 1041-1048
Rabinowitz, H.K. "Estimating the Percentage of Primary Care Rural Physicians Produced by Regular and Special Admissions Policies." Journal of Medical Education. 61:598-600, July 1986.
Rabinowitz, HK, Diamond, JJ, Hojat, M, & Hazelwood, C. (1999). Demographic, educational and economic factors related to recruitment and retention of physicians in rural Pennsylvania. Journal of Rural Health 15(2), 212-218.
Rabinowitz, HR. (1998, August). Evaluation of a selective medical school admissions policy to increase the number of family physicians in rural and underserved areas. The New England Journal of Medicine, 480-486.
Rasmussen CJ Addressing the Continued Socioeconomic Gap in Higher Education: Insights from Low-Income Students In Australian Universities http://www.ashe.ws/paperdepot/2002Rasmussen-Addrs.pdf
Relman AS. Shattuck Lecture – The Health Care Industry: Where Is It Taking Us? NEJM 325(1991):854-859.
Roberts A, Foster R, Dennis M, Davis L, Wells J, Bodemuller MF, Bailey C. An approach to training and retaining primary care physicians in rural Appalachia. Academic Medicine 1993;68:122-5.
Rogers DE. American Medicine: Challenges for the 1980s. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1978.
Rogers DE. Medicine and the Social Contract. Pharos 54(1991):17-19.
Rosenblatt, RA, Whitcomb, ME, Cullen, TJ, Lishner, DM, & Hart, LG. (1992). Which medical schools produce rural physicians? JAMA, 268(12), 1559-1565.
Rosenblatt,RA; Schneeweiss,R; Hart,LG; Casey,S; Andrilla,CHA; and Chen,FM. “Family Medicine Training in Rural Areas,” JAMA, September 4, 2002; 288(9): 1063-64.
Rosenthal T Outcomes of Rural Training Tracks: A Review--Tom Rosenthal, M.D. The Journal of Rural Health Volume 16, No.3, Summer 2000
Rosenthal T Rural-based Graduate Medical Education--Tom Rosenthal, M.D. The Journal of Rural Health Volume 16, No.3, Summer 2000
Rosenthal TC (1997) Rural physicians, rural networks, and free market health care in the 1990s. Arch Fam Med, 1997 Jul-Aug
Rosenthal TC, Maudlin RK, Sitorius M, et al. (1992). Rural training tracks in four family practice residencies. Acad Med 67(10): 685-91.
Rosenthal, M. P., Marquette, P. A., & Diamond, J. J. (1996). Trends along the debt-income axis: Implications for medical students’selections of family practice careers. Academic Medicine, 71(6), 675-667.
Saver, BG, Bowman, R, Crittenden, RA, Maudlin, RK, & Hart, LG. (1998). Barriers to residency training of physicians in rural areas. Rural Health Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine.
Schroeder SA Comments: Optimal Outcomes
Schroeder SA, Zones JS, Showstack JA, Academic Medicine as a Public Trust. JAMA 262(1989):803-812.
Searle, J.,&McHarg, J. (2003). Selection for medical school: just pick the right students and the rest is easy! Medical Education, 37, 458-463.
Seyan K, Greenhalgh T, Dorling D The standardised admission ratio for measuring widening participation in medical schools: analysis of UK medical school admissions by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sex, British Medical Journal 2004;328:1545-1546 (26 June), http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/328/7455/1545 .
Staff of Postsecondary Education Opportunity. (2000a). College participation for students from low income families by state, 1992 to 1998. Postsecondary Education Opportunity, 97, 1-5.
Staff of Postsecondary Education Opportunity. (2000b). Higher educational opportunity by family income 1998. Postsecondary Education Opportunity, 94, 1-10.
Staff of Postsecondary Education Opportunity. (2001).Trends in college participation by family income 1970 to 1999. Postsecondary Education Opportunity, 106, 1-8.
Staff of Postsecondary Education Opportunity. (2003). A nation at risk, again. Postsecondary Education Opportunity, 131, 1-10.
Stageman J Summary Report--A Three-Four Program: A new Model for Rural Training --James Stageman, M.D. The Journal of Rural Health Volume 16, No.3, Summer 2000
Stageman JH, Bowman RC, Harrison JD An accelerated rural training program J Am Board Fam Pract 2003; 16: 124-30 Department of Family Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-3075, USA
Supplying Physicians for Future Needs. In Report of the Steering Committee of the Task Force on Physician Supply, p. 17. Washington DC. Association of American Medical Colleges, 1990.
Supplying Physicians for Future Needs. In Report of the Steering Committee of the Task Force on Physician Supply, p.23. Washington DC: Association of American Medical Colleges, 1990.
Thorndike quoted in Chesney AM, Hale W, Thorpe ES Jr, Palmer CE. Evaluation of the Medical Aptitude Test. J Assoc Am Med Coll. 1936;11:15-32.). From McGaghie
Veloski, J. J., Rabinowitz, H. K., Robeson, M. R., & Young, P. R. (1999). Patients don’t present with five choices: An alternative to multiple-choice tests in assessing physicians’ competence. Academic Medicine, 74, 539-546.
Veloski, J.J., Callahan, C.A., Xu, G., Hojat, M., & Nash, D.B. (2000). Prediction of Students' Performances on Licensing Examinations Using Age, Race, Sex, Undergraduate GPA, and MCAT Scores. Academic Medicine, 75, S28-S30.
Verby JE, Newell JP, Andresen SA and Swentko WM, Changing the Medical School Curriculum to Improve Patient Access to Primary Care. JAMA 26(1991):110-113.
Verby JE, Schaefer MT, Voeks RS The impact of a long term preceptorship on clinical confidence of senior medical students Minnesota Medicine May 1982 p 297- 300
Wheat, JR, Brandon, JE, Carter, LR, Leeper, JD, & Jackson, JR. (2003). Premedical Education: The Contribution of Small Local Colleges. Journal of Rural Health 19(2), 181-189.
Xu G, Fields SK, Laine C, Veloski JJ, Barzansky B, Martini CJ. The relationship between the race/ethnicity of generalist physicians and their care for underserved populations. Am J Public Health 1997 May;87(5):817-22.
Xu G, Hojat M, Brigham TP, Veloski JJ. Factors associated with changing levels of interest in primary care during medical school. Acad Med. 1999;74:1011 -5
Xu G, Rattner SL, Veloski JJ, Hojat M, Fields SK, Barzansky B. A national study of the factors influencing men and women physicians' choices of primary care specialties. Acad Med.1995; 70:398 -404.
Xu G; Veloski JJ; Barzansky B Comparisons between older and usual-aged medical school graduates on the factors influencing their choices of primary care specialties. Acad Med, 1997 Nov; Vol. 72 (11), pp. 1003-7.
Robert C. Bowman, M.D. [email protected]